Europe’s Critical Minerals Alliances Are Becoming Industrial Policy by Other Means
Europe’s critical minerals strategy is rapidly transforming from conventional diplomacy into something far more structural: industrial policy conducted through global alliances. As demand rises for lithium, copper, nickel, graphite, rare earths, cobalt, tungsten, gallium, and germanium, Europe is reshaping how it engages with resource-rich countries across the world.
What was…
